Cultural report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cultural report - Essay Example B. Background Information. Epa is recognized as the male deity who was involved in wood carver. The artists of Africa tend to develop various forms of art that encompass traditional art, modern art, western art and historical art among others. The artists of Africa use several materials to prepare several forms of African art. The people of North Africa, mainly the people who are not black, get involved in the art of ancient Egypt (Arterial Network, â€Å"Contemporary Arts and Culture Discourse: African Perspectives†). C. Thesis Statement. In relation to the above context, the essay intends to write a critical comparative essay about the cultural experiences of the early African artists with the indication made in one of the provided arts i.e. Epa helmet mask. A. Epa Helmet Mask. Epa helmet mask is duly considered to be one of the historical arts of Africa, which is much different from other art forms belonging to the nation. In earlier trends, the materials were different that are mainly used for making arts. However, in recent trends, such materials have developed than the earlier times. Based on the existing trends, it can be apparently observed that the artists of Africa use bronze materials to create the African arts. Epa mask has been created from the seventeen empire, which involves the Ekiti region of Yoruba territory. The design of the Epa mask mainly consists of the face of Janus. Therefore, the face of Epa mask bears different types of names such as ‘mother with children’ and children cover me’ among others. The name of Epa Mask has been selected based on the concept of the picture of Epa mask. In previous years, Epa masks mainly focused on the productiveness based on the views of earlier writers. Moreover, during that time, the artists often had to use woods as materials to prepare the art of Epa mask (African Art & Culture, â€Å"Epa

Quality and Performance Management Methods in Healthcare

Quality and Performance Management Methods in Healthcare Teams and Team Building In the long-term health care industry, ongoing improvement is vital to quality patient medical attention. To achieve this goal of value improvement, a long-term health facility needs to make use of the learning, abilities, encounters, and points of view of an extensive variety of people; aka brainstorming. A quality improvement (QI) project requires critical thinking, numerous choices, and successful arrangements that include complex frameworks. Recognition of the importance of team-building practices, as well as retaining staff, play an important part in successful health care administration. An exhaustive multidisciplinary approach by a QI team is preferred over individual leaders, especially when: A project is multifaceted for example, the evolution of a traditional nursing home into a more progressive, protective-care nurturing habitat. Creativity is essential because the route to development is indistinct we must come up with non-traditional approaches that fit the lifestyles affected by todays technology. Well-organized use of resources is mandatory -projects must try to stay within allocated budget, with an eye to quality/cost. Teamwork is indispensable to implementation akin to driving a vehicle, all motion must be in the same direction; the entire team must be on the same page for success to happen. Team members are stakeholders in the result let it be common knowledge that all staff members have a stake in being associated with this highly-regarded organization; prestige as well as financial gain associated with a successful medical facility is a persuasive factor. The procedure involved is cross-functional involving people or departments who do different types of work for the same company. For example, this could include the Chief Medical Compliance Officer, the Chief Information Officer, and an internal audit. No one person has enough information to solve the problem (Improvement teams, n.d.). A health facility cannot be managed by a single individual; the expertise of persons with various talents are needed to successful run a medical organization. The brainstorming approachs advantages emerge from group collaboration and quick generation of new concepts. One of the significant focal points of the technique might be the enhanced confidence that it creates in the team, because a well-directed session ordinarily empowers the group and can improve team cohesiveness (Lighter, 2011). This approach gives people the confidence to contribute their ideas without fear of malicious criticism. Steps involved in upgrading and maintaining a top-quality long-term health care facility would: Characterize zones that require consideration with an issue statement that is clear, centered, and generally defined. Give groundwork on the issue through a short synopsis sheet or data handout for the team. Select participants according to what they are best at and most interested in, much as the selection process for any other team. Expect writers block and prepare by having some motivational questions at hand. Direct the session with the facilitator leading and recording, guaranteeing that thoughts and conversations are documented (Lighter, 2011). Ideally, my team would be as diverse as the population it serves. A varied patient base demands a multicultural health care staff to deliver relevant, quality medical attention that is received well by the public. An essential element in providing quality care is provider stability; a leader in the health care profession must provide an environment that encourages top-performing staff members to stay with the organization. A high turnover rate is counterproductive to implementation of a successful plan. This is an issue, as per a 2011 American Health Care Association study, the average nursing home turnover rate is 35 percent for all staff and 43 percent for CNAs. In dissimilarity, Fortune magazine reports that the 100 best companies to work for in 2011 had a turnover rate of 3 percent or less. Obviously, most nursing homes need staff retention strategies (Group, 2012). Teams improve the performance of healthcare organizations by collaborating to create successful clinical outcomes, patient experiences and reduce organizational costs. References: Group, V. (2012, June 4). 5 team building practices that will make your staff want to stay. Retrieved February 23, 2017, from http://www.iadvanceseniorcare.com/article/5-team-building-practices-will-make-your-staff-want-stay Improvement teams. Retrieved February 23, 2017, from https://www.hrsa.gov/quality/toolbox/methodology/improvementteams/part2.html Lighter, D. E. (2011). Advanced performance improvement in health care: Principles and methods. Sudbury, PA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

The Power Struggle in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper essays

The Power Struggle in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚   The story "The Yellow Wallpaper," by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a story about control. In the late 1800's, women were looked upon as having no effect on society other than bearing children and keeping house. It was difficult for women to express themselves in a world dominated by males. The men held the jobs, the men held the knowledge, the men held the key to the lock known as society   - or so they thought. The narrator in "The Wallpaper" is under this kind of control from her husband, John. Although most readers believe this story is about a woman who goes insane, it is actually about a woman’s quest for control of her life. The narrator is being completely controlled by her husband. The narrator's husband has told the her over and over again that she is sick. She sees this as control because she cannot tell him differently. He is a physician so he knows these things. She also has a brother who is a physician, and he says the same thing. In the beginning of the story, she is like a child taking orders from a parent. Whatever these male doctors say must be true. The narrator says, "personally, I disagree with their ideas" (480), and it is clear she does not want to accept their theories but has no other choice. She is controlled by her husband. Control is exemplified later in the story in the choice of rooms in which she must stay. She has no say whatsoever in this decision. She is forced to stay in a room she is uncomfortable with. This is the bedroom in which John has trapped her; this room is not a room in which she wants to be. The windows are barred and the bed is bolted down. This is a subliminal clue of control. And there is the horrible yellow wallpaper. "I n... ... the wallpaper no longer oppresses her. As time goes on, she gains confidence and control over both and ultimately dominates them. Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wallpaper." Rediscoveries: American Short Stories by Women, 1832 - 1916. Ed. Barbara H. Solomon. New York: Mentor, 1994. 480-496. Delamotte, Eugenia C. reprinted in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism Vol. 37. Ed. Paula Kepos. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1991. Works Consulted Treichler, Paula. "Escaping the Sentence: Diagnosis and Discourse in 'The Yellow Wallpaper'." Rpt. Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism Vol. 37. Detroit: Gale 1991. 188-194. Shumaker, Conrad. "Too Terribly Good to Be Printed: Charlotte Gilman's 'The Yellow Wallpaper'." reprinted in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism Vol. 37. Ed. Paula Kepos. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1991. 194-198.   

Human Resource Management and Good Working Knowledge Essay

INTRODUCTION The assignment consist two parts, which are activity 1 and activity 2. First activity will explain in short report factors that affect talent planning as well as recruitment and selection factors that affect the organisations. I will show benefits of recruitment and selection methods. Moreover as the last part of activity 1, induction plan will be provided. Second part of assignment is group work. This section includes recruitment and selection interview process. We will explain and give examples of personal specification, what are selection criteria and interview questions. Furthermore we will provide letters to appointment and non-appointment. ACTIVITY 1 1.2-4 Factors that affect an organisation’s approach to talent planning. Laws: Equality Act 2010 might affect the method of how organisation attracts talent. This law protects against discrimination (GOV, n.d.) and has an influence in the way that company creates adverts as well as job description and application forms. Moreover during the interview, it is important to know what question can and can to be used. The law prohibits to ask for example about age to ensure that every person is treated fairly. Labour market: if new position comes into existence, it gives opportunities to current employees, in particular when some of the position might be liquidated. To some workers new and challenging position could be more curious, which will give chance to grow up. ( Charles, Janet, Donald, 2010:121) Diversity: lately, the positive effect on approaching talent has an immigration. The level of accessibility and needed knowledge as well as skills has raised. It helped to mitigate the lack of skills. ( Charles, Janet, Donald, 2010:123) Right work space: The workplace has an important impact that on talent planning, as the environment is productivity. By reconfiguring the space where people work we are able to get better efficiency on bigger group at lower costs. For example, Capital One’s collective real estate designed a future of Work. This helps with better  mobility. Future of Work describes open floor plans and flexible project rooms that helps teams with assignments. More than 85% of workers gave positive feedbacks and they are more happy with new work environment. ( Robert, Elissa, Nidhi, 2006:51) 1.1- 3 organisational benefits of a diverse workforce. Language skills: communication with other people from another backgrounds helps to avoid prejudice. This is explained as the Contact Hypothesis. Employing people from various countries might obviate further enhancement of stereotypes. Increase in productivity: challenges and benefits. Workers are able to tender new solutions to our customers, as a consequence of fresh and new ideas, which could be use in the company. Diversity workplace rise workers morale and it is the reason of bringing into work excellent service. Positive reputation: employee has to know, that employers treat workers fairly when it comes to gender, race or ethnicity. The company can keep current staff/talent as well as they have possibilities to find new talent, as long as company is known as a positive environment to work. 1.3 – 3 factors that affect the organisations approach to the recruitment and selection Legal and discrimination: company is not able to to discriminate against 9 protected characteristics- The Equality Act (2010). For example, applicants can not be asked about past/current pregnancy as well as any future plans related to pregnancy. Size of the organisation: Because of the size of the company, recruitment process might affect in huge scope. In large organisations recruitment is definitely more easy that in the smalls. Moreover large organisation needs more people, this is why they have more experiences with recruiting and selection good candidates. Recruiting policy: it affects recruitment and selection process. This policy pertain with applicants that come from outside of the organisation, while for example, the rest of people wish to recruit only from inside of sources. 1.1 & 2.2- benefits of recruitment and selection methods Recruitment  selection Online recruitment- is quick, gives better chance of success, gives bigger audience, is easy Psychological tests: help to understand applicant’s personality, psychopathology and more. Can be compare to other candidates. Agency – save time and money, screen CV, objective feedback on application and can help how to promote, attract candidates Interview- *group – large amount of people * telephone- language skills *individual – face to face conversation Application form- background check information, easy format to use- easy way to scan the information and compare with others Meet and great session- * open session *meeting people *social skills 4.1- 3 Purposes of induction and how they benefit individuals and organisations Purpose of induction Individual benefit Organisation benefit Explain to employee organisation details including history, what products do we have, how the service work, company culture (CIPD, 2013) Introduction with the organisation Deep information’s history given, culture, values as well as products and service explained, showing place as a good environment to work in,. Introduce workers To get time to meet and know workers, helps to feel better and more comfortable to work as a team in the future The staff member would cooperate before and shows how they can fit with goals and strategy of organisation Health and safety information (CIPD, 2013) To protect yourself and others. It is important that worker familiarising him/her-self with work place fire’s regulations Safe workplace is everyone’s responsibilities. It is company policy to give training on an on-going basic to be able to work in a safe and healthy work environment About us: Established for 25 years, Balans has 5 branches within London with a plan to expand within the next year. Our flagship restaurant is in the heart of Soho, attracting a wide mix of clientele, from locals to celebrities. We are a young (at heart) vibrant company with a passion for not only food but for the people that work with us. Duties: Recruitment and retention – You will be responsible for recruiting all staff up to assistant manager level. You will be required to onboard talented team members to help the teams grow stronger in preparation for our expansion. After recruiting you will be in charge of ensuring that we retain our talent, through one to one chats, incentives and succession planning. Inductions – You will be responsible for organising contracts and inductions for all new starters up to assistant manager level. You may also need to create a new updated induction plan with the expansion of our organisation. Employee relations – You will be the first port of call for all employees over our 5 sites. You must be able to priorities your schedule to be available to all at certain times without compromising the daily running of the restaurants. You must be able to display good working knowledge of our processes and procedures of our organisation to deliver a confident service to our teams. This will also including managing our sickness data and conducting return to work interviews. Disciplinary and grievance – You will be responsible for guiding our teams through disciplinary procedures and grievances, offering advice and taking notes during meetings. You will be required to organise the logistics and preparation for meetings. Coaching – You will be responsible for coaching and supporting our HR administration assistant and line managers. Working with them to develop their knowledge of HR functions and supporting them by advising them thoroughly throughout issues that arise on a daily basis. Administration – Working along side the HR Administration assistant you will be required to submit monthly reports to the HR manager. You must ensure that the data inputted by the admin assistant is correct done in a timely manner.

Book cover judgments

The term ‘book cover judgments’ bears only negative connotations. It’s widely accepted in the society that a person should analyze and synthesize all the available information before arriving at any decision. People who sometimes make book cover judgments are considered shallow and hypocritical. It’s often deemed to be a sign of narrowness and over-indulged self-opinion. Psychologists struggled to prove that the first impression is frequently the most lasting and important one, yet the society still keeps to the notion that superficial judgments are the greatest evil.Upon careful investigation, it becomes evident that book cover judgments often provide the most relevant and accurate information, being an important way to organize information, which is especially relevant at the dawn of the Information Age. In many cases, book cover judgment can provide the most relevant and accurate information. It’s especially true about making up one’s mind about other people: it’s a well-known fact that the first impression can be formed from brief exposure to another, and it can last for years.It can be proven by one of the new fads, speed-dating, organized by such companies as 8MinuteDating and HurryDate, when people meet with a dozen of people for up to ten minutes and then decide on their potential companions. Its concept rests on a simple belief that a couple of minutes can be plenty of time to understand a person up and judge compatibility. It’s not a top secret that everybody evaluates each other based on immediate intuitions.Scientists are discovering that in many situations our social intuition is indeed astonishing, as we can sometimes collect a considerable amount of information about a person’s nature or abilities in just a few seconds. Initial encounters are emotionally intense events that can overwhelm us, therefore true and accurate judgments can be formed. Book cover judgments are not simple hardwi red reactions, since people are also taught how to judge others, holding our first impressions up to the light of social stereotypes. Implicit attitudes that enter into our calculations are always in place.As a consequence, sometimes book cover judgments are considered synonymous to such words as stereotypes and prejudices. Prejudices and stereotypes are schemes that assist us in comprehending the reality; when reality does not correspond to our prejudice it is easier for our mind to modify our interpretation of reality than to modify the prejudice. Prejudices help us to complement information when we do not posses at the moment. And here it’s of paramount importance to draw a line between these two concepts. From a psychological perspective, stereotypes are simply ways to organize information in your head.Having stereotypes amount to having life experience to build upon. It’s necessary to use stereotypes to draw parallel with other similar cases in the past, to avoid mistakes or use the strong sides of some employees. Stereotypes consist basically in shared beliefs or notions about a certain group or event. A stereotype is a combination of characteristics that sums up this group or event. The goal of stereotypes is to simplify reality. Prejudices, however, are judgements we make about another person or group of people without trying to understand them.They are divided into negative or positive in character, yet negative prejudices prevail. Prejudices often go along with ignorance, fear or hatred. When making judgments about groups of people, book cover judgments aren’t enough. It has been shown already that one can’t do without organizing information without help of stereotypes. This is especially true in the Information Age when people are receiving a huge amount of information every second. Information flows are continuously intensifying, and this tendency is projected to amplify in the future. In the past, people had enough time to allocate to such matters as judging and rethinking.The decline of conventional philosophy at the beginning of the 21st century is the evidence of the diminishing value of in-depth analysis. While this analysis is sometimes performed for a variety of reasons, it’s conspicuously absent from our everyday life. It’s too early to blame modern men for laziness or ignorance – without making book cover judgments, it’s impossible to make sense of all the information we have to process every day. In other words, book cover judgments are necessary for many reasons. First of all, they can quickly provide much information about a certain person just after few minutes of initial contact.Secondly, stereotypes have been proven to be an important way to organize information. Las but not least, book cover judgments are the only option available to the society living in the Information Age. The society should gradually change its negative perception of quick judgments. Psychologists have already started debunking many myths about the psychological mechanism behind making book cover judgments. Instead of trying to diminish the value of this essential psychological tool, people should be trained to handle first impressions effectively and derive maximum information possible from the first seconds of encounter.

The Position Lacanian Psychoanalytic Theory Allots to the Art Object Regarding Desire in Postmodernities

The Position Lacanian Psychoanalytic Theory Allots to the Art Object Regarding Desire in Postmodernities Lacanian Psychoanalytic Theory and Art Introduction Importance of the issue Appreciating pieces of art is a great pleasure as it gives us time for imagining the personalized meaning of those objects through our own personal mirrors of our egos and minds. Sometimes, we try to find the meaning of what we see or hear with the help of our instinct or intuitive feeling beyond the logic and strict reasoning to understand the pictures or sculptures.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Position Lacanian Psychoanalytic Theory Allots to the Art Object Regarding Desire in Postmodernities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The same can be claimed about psychology and different theories that are aimed at explaining human desires and unconscious intentions. The perception of art objects can be understood with the help of applying Lacanian psychoanalytic theory to objects depicted and the way people usually understand those. As psychological interpretation of contemporary art suggests abundant sources for comprehending our experience on art, it is possoble to use Lacanian psychoanalytic theory to understand the essential aspects of postmodern artworks in terms of the concept of desire. The relation between the concept of desire according to Jacques Lacan’s theory and such aspects as what is shown, what is seen, and the way of perception in the objects of art are of the main focus of the current paper. Aim and scope The current paper is aimed at showing the number of different explanations that can be evoked by implementation of Lacanian psychoanalytic theory while observing and discussing the objects of art such as mixed media sculptures created in contemporary conditions with the help of modern materials, techniques and methods including postmodern tendencies. In particular, reviewing the works designed by Louise Bourgeois including Arch of Hysteria (1993) and Cell (Eyes and Mirrors) (1989-1993) an d Yayoi Kusama’s Infinity Mirror Room – Phalli’s Field (1965) and Narcissus Garden (1966) can demonstrate the most prominent features of Lacanian theory in these art objects regarding desire in postmodernities. The art objects mentioned above will be analysed in the current paper in accordance with the Lacanian psychoanalysis theory that includes such aspects as concept of mirror, phallocentrism, femininity, and mirror with regard to desire and psycho-sexual tendencies. Theoretical Background Lacanian Psychoanalytic Theory Lacanian psychoanalytic theory’s main purpose is to evoke hidden side of human mind, the unconscious, so that people could explain things that seem ambiguous or, on the contrary, obvious. The number of explanations of the unconscious desire can vary due to the background of every person involved in the process of discussion. For instance, certain events, either negative or positive, in the life of a person influence his/her perception o f self and individual desire in different ways.Advertising Looking for coursework on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Lacanian theory of mirror stage in terms of personality development, the aspect of Narcissism is the shared feature of personal human desire. â€Å"The mirror stage is also closely related to narcissism†1 as the Greek myth dwells on the beauty of a young man who fell in love with his own reflection in the water. â€Å"Lacan develops Freud’s concept by linking it more explicitly with its namesake, the myth of Narcissus†2. The mirror image in early childhood serves to mould a self-image that is not actually a self-image, but an ideal one of what we want to be, and, consequently, it serves to set a psychological drive toward self-definition based on a imaginary structure forced by the identification with external social order. In this respect, Lacan’s theory d oes not focus only on biological aspect of mirror stage of psycho-sexual development; the mirror stage is suggested as the primary stage in the perception of a person that helps to conceive the real image from the self and from others. The scope of ideas on the concept of mirrors can be presented in a multivolume work whereas the main ideas can be found in the theory of psychoanalysis established by Jacques Lacan. Though Lacan’s theory has proven to be one of the most insightful interpretations of our time, some critics found explanation and analysis of certain concepts gender-oriented and discriminating. For example, French feminists Julia Kristeva and Helen Cixous have argued about the objectivity of presentation of concepts of phallocentrism made by prominent theorists, philosophers, and psychologists Jacques Lacan and the person influenced by Lacan’s ideas, Jacques Derrida. Female writers criticized Lacanian theory because it suggested lack of self in women making them penis-less creatures deprived of the ego and associated more as a part of the male essence. In this respect, Helene Cixous’s essay ‘The laugh of the medusa’ is aimed at discussing the influence of gender aspects on cultural life of people, art objects, and language in particular. The author dwells on the difference between cultural concepts and gender aspects that, as the author claims, should not be mixed with one another and with biological peculiarities of life.3 The more we try to tie the aspect of gender to other areas of human life, the less appropriate these concepts may become. Different problems with the perception of this or that idea or object of art can be the main reason for treating the phallocentric concepts as those discriminating femininity as a feature of the gender. Julia Kristeva suggests the idea of â€Å"drives [that] involve pre-Oedipal semiotic functions†4; this statement can be considered one of the most appropriate ideas for discussion with regard to desire and drives in the process of analysing the objects of art.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Position Lacanian Psychoanalytic Theory Allots to the Art Object Regarding Desire in Postmodernities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Phallocentrism is defined here as irrelevant panegyric on make sexual organ and behaviour of male representatives associated with their attitude to this organ as well. In this respect, the desire related to the objects of art can be found in the issue of glorification of the male sexual organ. The more theories try to approach the concept of the mirror, the more ideas appear in the process of analysis even on the simplest phenomena that did not suggest that many explanations of a specific term before. In this respect, it is necessary to emphasise that Lacanian psychoanalytic theory is aimed at provoking human thoughts on different subjects as a person wh o knows about the suggested concepts would use those ideas while analysing the objects of art. For instance, Jacques Lacan introduced a concept of mirror and explanation of the function of the unit I as suggested in psychoanalytic practice. His work â€Å"Mirror stage as formative of the function of the I as revealed in psychoanalytic experience† demonstrates the inner stage that is suggested to analyse as the initial condition or a ‘mirror’ as the inner reflection of all actions performed by a person. This mirror is treated as a specific place or an object used for analysis of actions, behaviour, and deeds by a person; such a self-analysis and counter-analysis are used for signification and counter-signification of the self.5 This concept was not critically perceived by female writers Cixous and Kristeva because it was not treated as the one that is posted against the femininity, female concepts, and feminine gender in general though the concept of mirrors helps to assess the role of desire in the analysis of the self. Desire in Postmodernities Postmodernism is a movement in art and architecture that can be considered one of the most influential trends in twentieth century due to its simplicity and complicatedness at the same time. Though different styles in art can be claimed to have found their application in culture, postmodern movement had a prominent impact on the architecture and art objects. As suggested by Tobin Siebers in his book Heterotopia: postmodern utopia and the body politic, the postmodernities can be compared to desire that cannot be explained and understood completely.6 On the other hand, it is necessary to trace the real meaning of postmodern art objects that can be insightfully explained using psychological analysis theories aimed at explaining human desires, fears, and intentions.Advertising Looking for coursework on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The analysis of the self can be performed through the use of mirrors that represent the relations between what a person wants to show and others want to see or are able to see. Besides, as suggested by Jacques Lacan, the desire can be clearly understood after analysis of the body: Fragmented body is analysed in terms of the desires and fears and the hidden intentions behind the reflection of different parts of the human body.7 Most postmodernists are sceptical of the concept, ‘certainty’ or ‘authentic truth’ because the function, meaning, and symbolic value are varied in the context or situation; the same can be traced in psychoanalysis where every detail is thoroughly examined to trace the connection between the desire and images usually reflected in the inner mirror. Though every object of art can be analysed in a different way, there is a number of traits that can be traced in most of them with regard to the gender of the author, the inner reflection of the actions, and attitude to the self, and other concepts that can be easily found in psychoanalytic theory established by Jacques Lacan. So, the objects of art created with regard to the tendencies and concepts established for postmodernities can be easily analysed with the help of Lacanian psychoanalytic theory designed merely at the same time as the postmodern movement. In this respect, it is possible to apply the concepts of psychoanalysis such as self-criticism by Freud8 to the objects of art designed by contemporary authors due to the background of authors and their reflection of the self in those art objects. Position of Theory to the Art Object Louise Bourgeois, Arch of Hysteria, 1993 The first object of art that should be analysed with regard to the concept of desire in postmodernities and the basic concepts revealed in Lacanian psychoanalytic theory is the one designed by Louise Bourgeois. This piece of art was created in 1993; the Arch of Hysteria can be considered one of the most feminine and delicate works created by this author.9 At the same time, it is powerful demonstration of the human body. And the name of the sculpture created using polished patina on the hanging piece made of bronze talks for itself. The attack of hysteria makes people change the positions of their bodies. The same can be traced when a person experiences some strong emotions or feelings and is not able to control the movements, gestures, and emotions expressed on his/her face. Every attack of hysteria can be depicted in another way because every individual has his/her own reflection of the self and is able to analyse the self using the inner mirror. The discussion of femininity is related to the ideas the author of this object of art found relevant due to the feminism movements and active involvement in those.10 The author manages to create her works without being too gender-discriminating toward the representatives of the opposite sex. Moreover, her work Arch of Hysteria ( 1993) can be considered the one that makes the male body the core concept of the overall image created. In this respect, the idea of phallocentrism vigorously criticised by Cixous and Kristeva can be easily traced in this particular object. Moreover, the body hanging in the air can be analysed using the concept of fragmented body with regard to the wholeness of the subject, totalization and autonomous self. In other words, the concept of desire in postmodernities can be explained with the help of this sculpture that seems to be aimed at dethroning the power of the male body by making it more feminine with the help of hysteria that was considered a female disease. Every person has certain secrets whereas all hidden desires and intentions can be revealed with the help of the psychoanalysis suggested by Lacan who based his theory on the concepts explained and analysed by Sigmund Freud. The main idea of the current object of art can be considered the real human emotion captured in the e arthly body while every gesture and movement made by the person helps to reveal this emotion and explain the reasons for experiencing it. In the same way, every person can be read as a book with the help of Lacanian psychoanalytic theory when every image, dream, or idea is the result of some events and situations that took place in the life of this person; the same events and situations can be treated as the reasons or causes of other events. The concept of desire can be considered the core idea of every piece of art because every author has certain desires and intentions and can use those as inspiration while designing the object of art. Moreover, the sexual desire can be traced in every art object that is aimed at reflecting the author’s intentions through the presentation of the human body. Louise Bourgeois, Cell (Eyes and Mirrors), 1989-1993 The next object of art is designed by the same author. This creation is represented through the cell which contains specific eyes an d mirrors. In this respect, it is necessary to trace the meaning transferred with the help of those objects to the meaning of the whole piece of art.11 The more different objects we introduce to the piece of art, the more complicated it becomes. The complicatedness of the object can be traced through the number of meanings attributed to every object it contains. In other words, the meaning of this Cell (Eyes and Mirrors)12 should be analysed with regard to the meaning of cell, eyes as parts of the human body, and mirrors and the concept of desire in postmodernities. It is possible to analyse every concept in turn and, after that, try to explain the meaning of the whole object of art bearing in mind the meaning of each separate object that is included in the structure. For instance, the work of art Cell (Eyes and Mirrors) designed by Louise Bourgeois in 1989-1993 can be analysed as a set of objects each having its own meaning and contributing to the meaning of the entire object. As e very object can have meanings with regard to the context, it is necessary to analyse the possibility for occurrence of meanings and the number of meanings that can depend on different factors. In other words, the background knowledge and situations that occurred in the life of a person prior to observation of a concrete object of art should influence his/her perception of this work. So, cell can be considered as the limitation or restriction imposed on a person by his/her parents, friends, or supervisors. Besides, certain prohibition can be treated as the reason for author to use such an object in the overall construction. If a person had no negative experience related to the image of a cell, this work of art would not evoke any negative emotions. The concept of eyes in combination with mirrors represents the reflection of the ideas with the help of mirrors. In addition, this combination can be treated as the desire of the author to show the audience something hidden in her inner se lf which can be seen only through the eyes. Thus, the eyes reflected in mirrors suggest a hidden desire of the author to reveal her hidden feelings or something she cannot say aloud. Another idea that comes to mind while looking at this object of art created by a woman is the female aspect of this work. In this respect, it is necessary to remember about the concern of all women about their look. As they often look in the mirror, they can see something that cannot be seen without a mirror. In other words, the mirror can be used as an instrument to show and see something mysterious or at least something that cannot be seen without this magical device. The desire to say something can be treated as the core concept of this work because mirrors and reflections can often say something a person is afraid to reveal to him/herself or is confused about the consequences of such information transferred to a stranger. Masks and disguise contribute greatly to the overall image of the object of ar t called Cell (Eyes and Mirrors) designed by Louise Bourgeois in 1989-1993 because it is a feature of most women to have many identities and play many roles while only a mirror can reflect the real image of a woman. Yayoi Kusama, Infinity Mirror Room – Phalli’s Field, 1965 It is necessary to mention that the object of art designed by Yayoi Kusama, Infinity Mirror Room – Phalli’s Field created in 196513 can be considered one of the most original objects of art designed under the influence of postmodern trends and technologies. This work can be easily analysed applying Lacanian psychoanalytic theory to practice because mirrors play the core role in this work. The more a person reflects on his/her self image in the mirror, the more he/she is likely to change in the inner world to adjust to the conditions of the outer world. On the other hand, it is possible that a person changes the inner world to have it as a shelter from the oppression and all negative fac tors that exist in the outer world. In this respect, it is possible to treat the mirrors as an instrument for initiating self-analysis. As suggested in the work by Peter Gay who analyses Freudian theory of psychoanalysis, â€Å"The physician should be opaque to the patient and, like a mirror, show nothing but what is shown to him.†14 For Lacan, however, mirror image has some deceiving aspects that alienate human from the real self by representing the Narcissistic illusion of self-autonomy. In this regard, the mirror in the Kusama’s work is the place for searching human identity on the dialectical relationship between ‘seeing and to be seen’. Lacan’s key concept regarding the mirror stage is for challenging the integrated identity that reflects human’s narcissistic desire for wholeness, totalitarian or self-autonomy which we should overcome to be mature. In addition, he thought integrated identity to be illusion of synthesis which is not reall y existent in the real world. For Lacan, human is in fragmented body in the real world and the fragmented body refers not only to images of the physical body but also to any sense of fragmentation and disunity. The life in society can be considered another influential feature in creation of this object of art due to postmodernities with regard to desire and values typical of times and cultures; many identities are reflected in the mirror and it is up to a person to see or not to see them. The objects on the floor of the mirror room can be treated as obstacles for analysis because the roles we play in the everyday life can differ greatly from what we are and who we are because of the necessity to adjust to the conditions of the outer world. Besides, the society that we live in often imposes the roles on its members in order to protect itself from misunderstandings. This aspect can be regarded as a great obstacle for analysis of a person, his/her real desires, fears, intentions, and b eliefs. In addition, the efforts of a person to take away those obstacles can be considered unavailing because the mirror room is closed whereas all objects are inside it and there is no way out except the door. It is possible that the only way to walk through the door is to recognise the reflection in the mirror and confront the uneasiness of the fragmented body in the number of identities assigned by contemporary life. Yayoi Kusama, Narcissus Garden, 1966 The next object of art for analysis is the mixed media Narcissus Garden created by Yayoi Kusama in 1966.15 The author managed to use the reflection received while looking in the water. This object consists of a pond and silver balls in the water. These balls are light enough not to drown while their reflection in the water can be treated as the reflection of each person in the mirror in the previous work of art. As suggested by Sigmund Freud in his study ‘On Dreams’, every dream has specific content16 that can be ana lysed. Moreover, every object depicted in the dream has a specific meaning with regard to the situation in which it appears. In this case, the balls that can be seen on the water surface can reflect the desire of a person to swim opposed to the possibility of drowning. Every object that can be analysed can be influential in terms of hidden desires or fears that can be revealed in the process of analysing those dreams. Though some dreams may seem strange, it has some points to try to analyse each of them in order to see the real nature of the soul. The pond with silver balls can be associated with a desire to see the number of identities. If a person reflects the pond with silver balls in the object of art, she may have some problems with self-identification. In other words, a person that experiences difficulties with analysis of the self can try to reflect those problems in this way. For instance, the number of balls can correspond to the number of identities or roles a person has i n everyday life and uses those while communicating with colleagues, building relationships in the family, and other situations. However, the surface of the water shows everything that is reflected while some reasons can be found for this. In this case, the balls are reflected in the outer world while an inner mirror is situated in the inner world. In this respect, the number of identities will be reflected in the water every time. Every identity has its own reflection in the outer world as well as every person can find his/her reflection in the mirror being a parent, a friend, or performing some other roles. In this respect, an inner mirror of the ego should show our Narcissistic desire towards independent entity. Every concept of life can be reflected in the inner world whereas it depends upon a person whether to let certain concepts into the inner world or leave those outside. As the personal life of every individual is full of certain events, all those events can influence succes sive events and the condition of the inner worlds. Thus, a reflection in the inner mirror can distorted due to the impact of all events that take place in the life of a person. The pond with silver balls can also be treated as the outer world with all its imperfectness and obstacles that appear on the way of a person when he/she wants to look at the Narcissistic reflection on self but can only see the numerous identities. Every identity can be reflected in the mirror of the outer world though it is up to a person whether to let those identities into the inner world to be reflected in the inner mirror. Conclusion The concept of self, reflection in the mirror, the number of identities and roles assigned to every person, feminism and male sexual organs can be traced in the objects of art. As the theory of Lacan is mainly based on the theory established by Sigmund Freud, it is necessary to mention the significance of his study for analysis of sexuality and gender differences. The Arch o f Hysteria reflects the power of human body whereas it can be treated in a different way when applying Lacanian psychoanalytic theory to it. In this respect, a human body can be considered the symbolic representation of human desires reflected with the help of postmodernism trends. Female critics of Jacques Lacan’s theory do not blindly criticise his theory; they try to see the discrimination of identity of woman in the analysis through rejection of the phallocentrism as a core aspect of most psychological analyses. In other words, Helene Cixous and Julia Kristeva apply Lacan’s psychoanalysis as the assessment of sexual features, desires (often sexual), and fears related to the gendered self. Lacan’s theory of the mirror stage demonstrates that our self-identification is based on an illusion of an idealistic image of completeness that does not actually exist in the real. And the imaginary identity created by the co-operation between Narcissistic desire and exter nal forces is subject to the fragmentation of identity in reality. Thus, the ideal-I acts in similar way as Sigmund Freuds ego in that it prevents this fragmentation from emerging to the surface. The main aspect that can be traced in the objects of art such as Cell (Eyes and Mirrors) by Louise Bourgeois and Infinity Mirror Room – Phalli’s Field and Narcissus Garden designed by Yayoi Kusama is the mirror and reflection of the self including the further analysis of the self. Bourgeois, Louise, Arch of Hysteria, [online image] (1993) http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQRGEe1PLNugRKw3A0wrsF-QJ0ToBCWwxChuVJBZaD9kHtzGB4n. Bourgeois, Louise, Cell (Eyes and Mirrors), [online image] (1989-1993) http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTWZbxfX_D-a19F-BU-6qNXKuCzeq4PmfOWm-A44JWo3bLL0xlv. Cixous, Helene, ‘The laugh of the medusa’, in Peter Simon (ed.), The Norton anthology of theory and criticism (London: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 2001), 2039-2056. Evans, Dy lan, An introductory dictionary of Lacanian psychoanalysis (London: Routledge, 1996). Freud, Sigmund, ‘On dreams’, in Alan Sheridan (tr.), Charles Harrison and Paul Wood (eds.), Art in theory: 1900-2000 (Oxford: Blackwell, [1901], 2003), 21-28. Freud, Sigmund, ‘The ego and the id’, in James Strachey et al. (tr. and ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, London: The Hogarth Press Ltd., [1923], 1961), 19-27. Gay, Peter, Freud: a life for our time (New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1998). Kristeva, Julia, ‘Revolution in poetic language. The semiotic chora ordering the drives’, in Peter Simon (ed.), The Norton anthology of theory and criticism (London: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 2001), 2169-2179. Kusama, Yayoi, Infinity Mirror Room – Phalli’s Field, [online image] (1965) http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRtQ3bAAobkC0QnwZtBuVzQL2ieaGFxl_mTK1FU-DchCGMZ7H5XwA. Kusama, Yayoi, Narc issus Garden, [online image] (1966) http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTddGjC-EAyMHoj4Salu9YK7fhi6DL090HXcblqqK2pTLiHkeh-. Lacan, Jacques, ‘The mirror stage as formative of the function of the I as revealed in psychoanalytic experience’, in Peter Simon (ed.), The Norton anthology of theory and criticism (London: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 2001), 1285-1310. Lacan, Jacques, ‘The mirror-phase as formative of the function of the I’, in Alan Sheridan (tr.), Charles Harrison and Paul Wood (eds.), Art in theory: 1900-2000 (Oxford: Blackwell, [1966], 2003), 620-624. Nixon, Mignon, Fantastic reality: Louise Bourgeois and a story of modern art (MIT Press/October Books, 2005). Nixon, Mignon, ‘The she-fox: transference and the â€Å"woman artist†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, in Carol Armstrong and Catherine de Zegher (eds.), Women Artists at the Millennium (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press/October Books, 2006), 275-303. Siebers, Tobin, Heterotopia: postmodern utopia and th e body politic (Lansing: University of Michigan Press, 1994). Footnotes 1 Dylan Evans, An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis (London: Routledge, 1996), 119. 2 Ibid., 123. 3 Helene Cixous, ‘The Laugh of the Medusa’, in Peter Simon (ed.), The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism (London: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 2001), 2039-2056 at 2039. 4 Julia Kristeva, ‘Revolution in Poetic Language. The Semiotic Chora Ordering the Drives’, in Peter Simon (ed.), The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism (London: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 2001), 2169-2179 at 2172. 5 Jacques Lacan, ‘The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience’, in Peter Simon (ed.), The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism (London: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 2001), 1285-1310 at 1288-1289. 6 Tobin Siebers, Heterotopia: Postmodern Utopia and the Body Politic (Lansing: University of Michigan Press, 1994), 2. 7 J acques Lacan, ‘The Mirror-Phase as Formative of the Function of the I’, in Alan Sheridan (tr.), Charles Harrison and Paul Wood (eds.), Art in Theory: 1900-2000 (Oxford: Blackwell, [1966], 2003), 620-624 at 622. 8 Sigmund Freud, ‘The Ego and the Id’, in James Strachey et al. (tr. and ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, London: The Hogarth Press Ltd., [1923], 1961), 19-27 at 33. 9 Louise Bourgeois, Arch of Hysteria, [online image] (1993) http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQRGEe1PLNugRKw3A0wrsF-QJ0ToBCWwxChuVJBZaD9kHtzGB4n. 10 Mignon Nixon, Fantastic Reality: Louise Bourgeois and a Story of Modern Art (MIT Press/October Books, 2005). 11 Nixon, Mignon, ‘The She-Fox: Transference and the â€Å"Woman Artist†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, in Carol Armstrong and Catherine de Zegher (eds.), Women Artists at the Millennium (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press/October Books, 2006), 275-303 at 277. 12 Louise Bourgeois, Cell ( Eyes and Mirrors), [online image] (1989-1993) http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTWZbxfX_D-a19F-BU-6qNXKuCzeq4PmfOWm-A44JWo3bLL0xlv. 13 Yayoi Kusama, Infinity Mirror Room – Phalli’s Field, [online image] (1965) http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRtQ3bAAobkC0QnwZtBuVzQL2ieaGFxl_mTK1FU-DchCGMZ7H5XwA. 14 Peter Gay, Freud: A Life for Our Time (New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1998), 111. 15 Yayoi Kusama, Narcissus Garden, [online image] (1966) http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTddGjC-EAyMHoj4Salu9YK7fhi6DL090HXcblqqK2pTLiHkeh-. 16 Freud, Sigmund, ‘On dreams’, in Alan Sheridan (tr.), Charles Harrison and Paul Wood (eds.), Art in theory: 1900-2000 (Oxford: Blackwell, [1901], 2003), 21-28 at 21.

Early European Explorers essays

Early European Explorers essays During the 15th and 16th centuries around the world, the lure of economic opportunity, heroism, and adventure tempted explorers from Europe to travel hundreds of miles to explore the worlds that existed outside their own. What they discovered upon arriving at their destinations, was that these new lands, rich in natural resources, were already inhabited by people who had been living there for hundreds of years. The interactions that ensued between the European explorers and native peoples led to an abundance of trade between the Old and New worlds and increased horizons for people witnessing new cultures for the first time. For the most part, however, this interaction gave rise to warfare, slavery, and exploitation largely due to newfound perceptions about the people and their culture that went both ways; Europeans and indigenous peoples alike made assumptions about the other. These misconceptions shaped the way they regarded these new people they were in contact with as well. When Europeans treks led them to Africa, the Americas, and Japan, they were quick to judge what they saw, given their own backgrounds and range of knowledge. Their limited experiences caused them to make misguided opinions of the people they found. Among the visitors to Africa was a Portuguese explorer named Joao Baptista Lavanha, who described the Africans he met as barbarians (DOC 1) who are very brutish and worship nothing. (DOC 1) The few things he learned about the religious practices of the people in what he called Kaffraria were cast aside. Another Portuguese explorer found the eating habits of the people of Guinea and Benin as haphazard. (DOC 2) Christopher Columbus described the people he found in America to be a very poor people (DOC 4) when he arrived there in 1492. Amerigo Vespucci also took note of the eating habits of indigenous Americans, as well as a tradition of eating the flesh of their ...

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Squaring the Circle and Trisecting an Angle - Essay Example Babylonian mathematicians has found the way of constructing a square of equivalent area with respect to given circle. The Indian and Egyptians has also shown method of evaluating which appears in Sulba Sutras and Rhind papyrus of 1800 BC respectively. The Egyptian has calculated the value of approximated to 256/81. Archimedes has better precision which approximates the to be in the range of 3+1/7 and 3+10/71. Anaxagoras was supposed to be a first Greek mathematician who has worked in finding the solution of squaring the circle in the first century of AD. Hippocrates of Chios put an effort to solve it by squaring lunes. Antiphon suggested the method of inscribed polygons in circle and increasing the numbers of sides so that square and circle will have infinitesimally small difference in their area. Eudemus was not convinced with the approach. Bryson augmented the theory of Antiphon by circumscribing the polygon to support its validity. This problem was even discussed in the Birds, play written by Aristophanes around 414 BC. Oenopides, Antiphon, Bryson, Hippocrates, and Hippias were the prominent mathematicians who worked the problem during this period. Oenopides was pioneer in searching for use of compass and ruler as method of constructing a proof. He has contributed the method to draw a perpendicular line. James Gregory tried to prove its impossible nature of construction in 1667. Ferdinand von Lindemann finally succeeded in providing substantial proof in 1882. Hippias and Dinostratus have used the quadratrix to design the method of squaring the circle. This curve is created by mechanical method which produces uniform motion of a line equivalent to rotating radius of a circle in same time. The Greek mathematician has invested enough energy and effort for developing the algorithm of dividing arbitrary angle into desired ratio which will be helpful in constructing regular polygon of n sides. Gauss invented the construction of polygons through ruler and compass although Greeks didn't succeed in achievement of such a mathematical feat. Hippocrates was also aware of method to trisect an angle. Archimedes has significant contribution in many of the mathematical principles mentioned in the Book of Lemmas. His work 'On spirals' has general recognition in on the results provided for trisecting an angle. The contemporary mathematician Nicomedes introduced the concept of conchoids curve to formalize the proof of trisecting an angle. It uses rulers and compass methods where ruler rotates around the conchoids curve with axis fixed on root point of the given line. Another mathematician Pappus referred the solution of trisecting an angle by Apollonius applying the construction of conic. Pappus utilizes the geometry of hyperbola for two of his solutions. Mathematics Applied in Solution of the Geometrical Construction Archimedes applies the construction of spiral curves as method of measurement of the circle. In above drawing Archimedes proved that circumference of the circle with radius OP where

Problems facing the maxis bank

Problems facing the maxis bank We come into contact with organization from the cradle to the grave. Indeed, organization regulate and dictate so many aspect of people lives, giving many of people somewhere to work, entertaining them, when people are leisure and developing new product and services for their enjoyment. Basically, it is not the same case for Maxi Bank, which got 30 branches and was established for over forty years. Their new Administration and Project Manager John who actually replaced their current project manager, who has resigned, highlighted some serious organization problem such as communication problem among the staffs, because of the high turnover since last eight months. The worst and difficult issue that John discovered is the lack of motivation and the job dissatisfaction. Employers can be made aware of concerns in the workplace that would normally go unspoken. Many serious issues in the workplace do not get discussed because they may be uncomfortable or difficult. By increasing the communi cation channels among staffs for instance participation in the group meeting, avoid isolation, motivation and the job satisfaction concept within a company, John can more efficiently resolves concerns, lower the staffs turnover, increase employee satisfaction, find a way to solve Annies problem and more accurately assess issues and so on. Problems John the new Administration Department has noticed some of problems that Maxis Bank have, since he engaged in this company. Starting, with, the poor supervision in Maxis Bank. Supervision is an extremely vital part of a workplace that intends to maximize its success potential.   It naturally follows, then, that poor supervision in a workplace is among the primary obstacles to achieving potential successes by a business.  Louis V. Imundo 1993, p 55. For Maxi Bank, a quality supervisory team should be employed and trained to ensure the very finest results from their individual employee groups. These supervisors should have their own support system, and their importance should be made very clear, to ensure the highest degree of productivity. Or, if the supervisor is not present enough, or is too overbearing, then the reaction from employees will only be fear, resentment, and displeasure in their work Dick Grote 2006 p. 45. The productivity will not be as good, and the employee turno ver will increase. Often having few staffs in an organization, that came from different department such as the case study lead to poor communications among them and . As in any relationship, communication is the key to a strong business relationship. This can be the relationship between business and customer, or, equally as important, the internal relationships among different employees within the company. Communication can be improved in virtually every workplace, no matter the industry or size.   After all, it is the only way for information to effectively spread throughout the business so that everybody can be informed to the degree that they required to properly achieve their goals. Luthans1998 p.145   Another problem occurred in Maxis is there poor employee morale in the workplace. By facing this kind of problem, there is a high risk of employee burnout and overall dissatisfaction. The cause of the poor employee moral can be structured as first a negative event within the workplace, such as a firing, downsizing, or other dramatic and unwanted change , or arguments or other forms of tension among staff members or between staff and management. Overwork, or a consistently heavy workload. The feeling of unappreciated or underappreciated for the work done, the conditions of the workplace. The rigid supervision involved in the work being done, and unsupportive or weak supervision that does not offer enough input or guidance Bennett. R, 1997: p.119 This is an extremely expensive way to do business because it leads to poor productivity, isolation and increased absences from work. The high absenteeism in Maxis Bank led to the non submission of their tasks on time. Moreover, staffs in Maxis felt to be underworked, because according to Annie, she complained that her job is monotonous and repetitive.The staffs feel to be underworked for doing uncreative, and repetitive work, which always to high absenteeism and turnover as well Giddens.A, 1971 p.23. . And lastly, the absence of leadership in the Maxis Bank created an issue within the staffs. People want to be guided by those they respect and who have a clear sense of direction. This type of person leads by positive example and endeavors to foster a team environment in which all team members can reach their highest potential, both as team members and as people. They encourage the team to reach team goals as effectively as possible, while also working tirelessly to strengthen the bonds among the various members. Kouzes, Posner, Barry Z. (1987). Good leaders are made not born. If people have the desire and willpower, they can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience Burns, 2010, p. 43. Basically, John should hire a good, effective and trust leader who can lead the staffs in a good way for the benefit of the Maxis Bank Reason why problems occur? For most part of the twentieth century, managers realized that if their employees were satisfied with their jobs, then that satisfaction would translate to working hard. Therefore, happy workers are productive workers. It is true that in the case of Maxis, Annie was not productive, since she claimed that she attended few interviews with other bank. Organizations with more satisfied employees tend to be more effective than organizations with fewer satisfied employees. Dissatisfied employees are more likely to miss work. Although this is true, other factors also do play a role, for instance organizations that provide liberal sick leave benefits encourage all their employees to take sick days. Hence, satisfied employees have lower levels of turnover while dissatisfied employees have higher levels of turnover. Research also suggest that an important moderator of the satisfaction-turnover relationship is the employee`s level of performance. For better performing employees, the level of satisfaction is less important in predicting turnover. When employees are dissatisfied with their jobs, they`ll respond somehow. It is not easy to predict how exactly they`ll respond. One might quit, another might responds by doing personal work at the workplace, or may take leave and increase the absenteeism. Workers in any organization need something to keep them working. Most times the salary of the employee is enough to keep him or her working for an organization. However, sometimes just working for salary is not enough for employees to stay at an organization. An employee must be motivated to work for a company or organization. If no motivation is present in an employee, then that employees quality of work or all work in general will deteriorate Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. Snyderman, B.B. 1959, p. 341. Basically, staffs in Maxis Bank are unmotivated and dissatisfy that why critical issues in the Maxis arose. Alienation is one of the factor of unhappiness and isolation that workers in hardly feel when theirs works are not a relevant or important part of the workers lifes, that they do not really belong to the work to the work community health (Karl. M, 1971p.59). It is associated with feelings of discontent, isolation and futility. Alienation workers perceive themselves or powerless and dominated. Work is seen as unrevealed to real life; it becomes simply a means to achieve materials ends. Alienation has been observed most often on automated assembly lines where work is extremely repetitive and personal relations with others workers are difficult to establish. Great unhappiness can result from alienation; indeed, it can adversely offer the workers mental or physical health. In the case of Maxis, John found that each staff is working in isolation and difficult to establish a relation either professional or friendship with others. 2- Some theorists have defined and explained the concept of motivation as a process that account for an individuals intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Many contemporary authors have also defined the concept of motivation. It has been defined as: the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction Kreitner. R, 1995 p. 44; a predisposition to behave in a purposive manner to achieve specific, unmet needs Buford, Bedeian, Lindner, 1995, p. 56; an internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need Higgins, 1994, p. 78; and the will to achieve Bedeian, 1993, p. 675. Basically motivation is operationally defined as the inner force that drives individuals to accomplish personal and organizational goals. Why do we need motivated employees? The answer is survival (Smith, 1994). Motivated employees are needed in our rapidly changing workplaces. Motivated employees help organizations survive. Motivated employees are more productive. To be effective, managers need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform Kovach, 1987, p.65. Of all the functions a manager performs, motivating employees is arguably the most complex. This is due, in part, to the fact that what motivates employees changes constantly Bowen , Radhakrishna, 1991, p. 62. For example, research suggests that as employees income increases, money becomes less of a motivator Kovach, 1987, p. 72. Also, as employees get older, interesting work becomes more of a motivator. Understanding what motivated employees and how they were motivated was the focus of many researchers following the publication of the Hawthorne Study results Terpstra, 1979,p. 98 The basis approaches that have led to our understanding of motivation are Maslows need-hierarchy theory, Vrooms expectancy theory, and Adams equity theory. According to Maslow, employees have five levels of needs (Maslow, 1943), physiological, safety, social, ego, and self- actualizing. Maslow argued that lower level needs had to be satisfied before the next higher level need would motivate employees. Herzbergs work categorized motivation into two factors: motivators and hygienes (Herzberg, Mausner, Snyderman, 1959, p. 125. Motivator or intrinsic factors, such as achievement and recognition, produce job satisfaction. Hygiene or extrinsic factors, such as pay and job security, produce job dissatisfaction. Vrooms theory is based on the belief that employee effort will lead to performance and performance will lead to rewards Vroom, 1964, p. 150. Rewards may be either positive or negative. The more positive the reward the more likely the employee will be highly motivated. Conversely, the more negative the reward the less likely the employee will be motivated. Adams theory states that employees strive for equity between themselves and other workers. Equity is achieved when the ratio of employee outcomes over inputs is equal to other employee outcomes over inputs Adams, 1965. p. 134 Basically, the best motivational theory that suits the Maxis Banks case is the reinforcement theory. This theory can be traced to the work of the pioneering behaviorist B.F. Skinner. It is considered a motivation theory as well as a learning theory. Reinforcement theory posits that motivated behavior occurs as a result of reinforces, which outcomes are resulting from the behavior that makes it more likely the behavior will occur again. This theory suggests that it is not necessary to study needs or cognitive processes to understand motivation, but that it is only necessary to examine the consequences of behavior.   In reinforcement theory a combination of rewards and/or punishments is used to reinforce desired behavior or extinguish unwanted behavior. Behavior that is reinforced is likely to continue, but behavior that is not rewarded or behavior that is punished is not likely to be repeated. Skinner, B.F. Science and Human Behavior. 1953. The most important principle of reinforcement theory is, of course, reinforcement. Generally speaking, there are two types of reinforcement: positive and negative. Positive reinforcement results when the occurrence of a valued behavioral consequence has the effect of strengthening the probability of the behavior being repeated. The specific behavioral consequence is called a reinforcer Iwata, B. A. (1987, p. 67. An example of positive reinforcement might be a salesperson that applies extra effort to meet a sales quota (behavior) and is then rewarded with a bonus (positive reinforcer). The administration of the positive reinforcer should make it more likely that the salesperson will continue to exert the necessary effort in the future. In the case of Maxis Bank, according to Annie affirmation she refused to handle extra job other than her current job scope. If the positive reinforce come into it for instance rewarded her with a reward, she would not refused to handle extra job and the level of the motivation will rise automatically. Rewards can therefore assume a number of different forms, though there are two main forms:  extrinsic rewards, which take the form of cash payments and employment  benefits, like staff discounts,  occupational, pensions,  health insurance, and  company cars; and  intrinsic rewards  such as  job satisfaction, recognition, personal development, and the social status which may be attached to particular job roles. Negative reinforcement results when an undesirable behavioral consequence is withheld, with the effect of strengthening the probability of the behavior being repeated. Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment, but they are not the same. Punishment attempts to decrease the probability of specific behaviors; negative reinforcement attempts to increase desired behavior. Thus, both positive and negative reinforcement have the effect of increasing the probability that a particular behavior will be learned and repeated Iwata, B. A. 1987, p. 68. An example of negative reinforcement might be a salesperson that exerts effort to increase sales in his or her sales territory (behavior), which is followed by a decision not to reassign the salesperson to an undesirable sales route (negative reinforcer). The administration of the negative reinforcer should make it more likely that the salesperson will continue to exert the necessary effort in the future. Reinforcement theory suggests to managers that they can improve employees performance by a process of behavior modification in which they reinforce desired behaviors and punish undesired behavior .Moreover, for John case, reinforcement theory will be the best appropriate to motivate his 10 staffs, increase the desire behavior, or increase the probability of a behavior reoccurring. Consequently, both positive and negative reinforcement have the weight of increasing the probability that a particular behavior will be educated and repetitive. For instance, in Maxis Bank, both positive and negative reinforcement will have the effect of modified or punished the undesirables behavior of the staffs such as the absenteeism, the high turnover, the work isolation and increase the desirable behavior for instance handling extra job, attend all the interviews with the others banks, if bonus or rewards and maybe motivation words are applied. 3. Group dynamics  is the study of groups, and also a general term for group processes Ringer, T. M. 2002 p 172. Relevant to the fields of  psychology,  sociology, and  communication studies, a  group  is two or more individuals who are connected to each other by social relationships.  Because they interact and influence each other, groups develop a number of dynamic processes that separate them from a random collection of individuals. These processes include norms, roles, relations, development, need to belong, social influence, and effects on behavior. The field of group dynamics is primarily concerned with small group behavior. Bass, Bernard 1990, p. 31 A group comes together to focus on finding common solutions or building a final project to the organization. This can be very effective to the project or solution because individuals in different roles in the workplace, different backgrounds and different experiences have a variety of points of view that they are able to contribute (Dimock, H.G.1993). Working in groups is often more efficient and motivates group members to achieve more in a certain period of time as group members motivate others to do their best and people often feel the need to be competitive (CSU 2009). Bringing out the competitive nature in people focused toward a common goal can often be a very productive strategy. In the Maxis case, the organization got employees came from different departments, different roles lead different experiences, but the thing is there is not group team in Maxis Bank. Each employees work in isolation. Some staffs in Maxis Bank are very independent and prefer to work alone rather than in groups. They feel that their best work comes from completing projects individually. (Burgess H. 2007). Dealing effectively with groups of people is a skill that will serve us in all areas of our lives.   It can also be a challenge- because people as individuals tend to have their own ideas about how they relate to a group, and not all of these ideas work very well in practice.   Theres a profound difference between a set of individuals and a cohesive group, and weve all felt that difference- where a group is tightly related and conscious of itself, the group is vastly more capable than the sum of its parts.   Where individual members are unconscious to the needs of the group, often the group is weaker than the sum of the individual members capabilities. Skinner, B.F. Science and Human Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 1953. Iwata BA. Negative reinforcement in applied behavior analysis:, pp. 67 68 Buford, J. A., Jr., Bedeian, A. G., Lindner, J. R. (1995). Management in Extension (3rd ed.). Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Extension. p. 56 Terpstra, D. E. (1979). Theories of motivation: borrowing the best. p. 98 Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley. p. 150 Bennett. R, 1997: Organisational behaviour, 3rd edition, pp.119 Karl.M, 1967: The rise of the working class, p.59. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. Snyderman, B.B. 1959, The Motivation to Work p. 341 Luthans1998: Organisation behaviour, 8th edition, p.145 .Discipline Without Punishment Dick Grote 2006 p.45 Leadership James MacGregor Burns, 2010, p. 43 Kreitner, R. (1995), Management, Sixth Edition, p. 44 Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company Higgins, J. M. (1994). The management challenge (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan p. 78 Bedeian, A. G. (1993). Management (3rd ed.). New York: Dryden Press. p. 675 Kovach, K. A. (1987). What motivates employees? pp.65 72 Bowen, B. E., Radhakrishna, R. B. (1991). Job satisfaction p. 62 Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., Snyderman, B. B. (1959). The motivation to work, p. 125 Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. p. 134 Effective Supervisors Louis V. Imundo 1993 p.55 Bass, Bernard (1989). StogdillsHYPERLINK http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/002901820X/bigdogsbowlofbis/ Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research. New York: Free Press. Bass, Bernard (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 18, p.31. Blake, Robert R. and Mouton, Janse S. (1985). The Managerial Grid III: The Key to Leadership Excellence. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co. Bolman, L. and Deal, T. (1991). Reframing Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Kouzes, James M. Posner, Barry Z. (1987). The Leadership Challenge. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Lamb, L. F., McKee, K. B. (2004). Applied Public Relations: Cases in Stakeholder Management. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Routledge Bacon, S. B. (1988).  The effects of racially homogeneous and heterogeneous Outward Bound groups on the self-report survey scores and drop out rates of minority students. Greenwich, CT: Outward Bound USA. Ewert, A. (1992). Group development through experiential education: Does it happen?  Journal of Experiential Education,  15(2). Ewert, A., Heywood, J. (1991). Group development in the natural environment: Expectations, outcomes, and techniques.  Ã‚  Environment and Behavior,  23, 592-615. Ewert, A. McAvoy. L. (2000).  The effects of wilderness settings on organized groups: A state of knowledge paper. In D. N. Cole S. F. McCool (Eds.)  Proceedings: Wilderness science in a time of change  (pp. 13-26). Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Kerr, P. J., Gass, M. A. (1995). A group development model for adventure education. In K. Warren, M. Sakofs, J. S. Hunt (Eds.)  The theory of experiential education  (pp. 285-296). Boulder, CO: Association of Experiential Education Neill, J. T., Dias, K. L. (2001).  Adventure education and resilience: The double-edged HYPERLINK http://wilderdom.com/abstracts/NeillDias2001AdventureEducationResilienceDoubleEdgedSword.htmsword.Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning,  1(2), 35-42. Neill, J. T. (2002).  Social support helps people grow.  Horizons,  17(Spring), 32-34. Neill, J. T., Dias, K. L. (c.2001).  Challenge and support in Outward Bound: The double-edged sword.  Outward Bound International Newsletter,  10(1). Peak Experiences (n.d.).  Issues of importance in forming a team. Ringer, T. M. (2002).  Group action: The dynamics of groups in therapeutic, educational and corporate settings. p. 172

Free Shakespeares Hamlet Essays: Gertrude and Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Gertrude and Hamlet  Ã‚   Hamlet's behavior is often explained using Freud's theory of sexual behavior; however  the symptoms of bipolar disease explain Hamlet's behavior. Bipolar disease is defined as: "This disease causes symptoms like mood swings with periods of both depression and mania. They have consequent changes in thinking and behavior. Bipolar means the sharing of two poles, or high and low, having to do with mood."(2)   Ã‚  Ã‚   " Hamlet's behavior throughout the play was extremely physical, excessive talkativeness, destructiveness and sometimes grandiosity. These mood characteristics are the effects of bipolar disease." (1) Hamlet is extremely physical in his dealings with Ophelia and Gertrude. His excessive talkativeness is most evident in his soliloquies and his dialogue with his mother. His destructiveness is obvious in his conversation with the ghost; his grandiosity in his sarcasm towards Polonius. Incredibly, Bipolar disease describes Hamlet's behavior very accurately.    When Hamlet’s father was murdered by Claudius, difficulties arose between Hamlet and Gertrude to cope with one another. Hamlet got angry with his mother for remarrying Claudius, his father’s murderer, that he decides to be more rough towards her, simply to gain control over her.   Ã‚   When Hamlet grew up with his father and his mother, they grew up with a disorder known as Bipolar disease. "This is a disease where you think delusional, since it was inherited, passed on from parent to child, Gertrude’s marriage and Hamlet’s reaction to it, could have been the effects of this symptom. Hamlet’s father was "an enabler" who had made it possible for them to function, but now that his father is dead, they found it tough to cope with each other, as the family they once had."(1)   Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet became angry for a reason, which was to try to get attention from his mother. This attention came in a sexual form, as shown when he kissed her and when he groped her. With this new bond, he tried to gain further control over his mother, to try and abolish the marriage between her and Claudius. Two quotes to support this are: Queen: "Nay then, I’ll set those to you that can speak." (III;iv) Hamlet: "Come, come, and sit you down; you shall not budge." (III;iv)   Ã‚  Ã‚   This occurs when he tells Gertrude she can’t move, therefore he shows to the viewers he has power over what she says and does. If he cared, he would let her function as she wanted to, and he would support her decision.

Inflation :: Economics Economy Price Inflation

Inflation defines as an increase in the price you pay or a decline in the purchasing power of money. In other words, price inflation is when prices get higher or it takes more money to buy the same item. Interest rates are increased to moderate demand and inflation and they are reduced to stimulate demand. Monetary policy aims to influence the overall level of monetary demand in the economy so that it grows broadly in line with the economy's ability to produce goods and services. This stops output rising too quickly or slowly. If rates are set too low, this may encourage the build-up of inflationary pressure; if they are set too high, demand will be lower than necessary to control inflation. Changes in demand and output then impact on the labor market - employment levels and wage costs - which in turn influence producer and consumer prices. When the Fed increases the discount rate, it does not have an immediate impact on the stock market. Changes in the official Bank rate then affect the whole range of interest rates set by commercial banks, building societies and other financial institutions for their own savers and borrowers. It will influence interest rates charged for overdrafts and mortgages, as well as savings accounts. A change in the official Bank rate will also tend to affect the price of financial assets such as bonds and shares, and the exchange rate. These changes in financial markets affect consumer and business demand and in turn output. Changes in the official Bank rate take time to have their full impact on the economy and inflation. Some influences, such as those on the exchange rate, work very quickly. In January of 2003, Oil price spiked up 76.82% from the previous January. These have recently been some speculation on the correlation between a sharp rise in Oil price and a sharp fall in Stock prices. The way the theory goes is that a sharp increase in oil prices on the magnitude of 50% to 100% annual increase has historically resulted in a sharp decline in the stock market price.